Anemia in Pregnancy: Age-Specific Risks, Causes, and Recommendations

Abstract

Anemia during pregnancy is a significant public health issue with serious implications for both maternal and fetal health. This research paper examines age-specific risks, causes, and management strategies for anemia in pregnant women, synthesizing recent findings to highlight the unique challenges faced by different age groups.

Adolescent pregnancies (13-19 years) are particularly prone to iron deficiency anemia (IDA) due to the combined nutritional demands of growth and pregnancy, poor dietary habits, and socioeconomic factors. This group faces increased risks of preterm birth and low birth weight infants, leading to higher neonatal morbidity and mortality rates.

Women aged 20-35 years, although generally healthier, remain at risk for anemia from factors such as heavy menstrual bleeding, dietary insufficiencies, and chronic conditions like polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Anemia in this demographic can result in adverse outcomes, including intrauterine growth restriction and preeclampsia.

Pregnant women aged 35 and older encounter higher risks of severe anemia, partly due to decreased nutritional absorption and the prevalence of chronic conditions like diabetes and hypertension. These women are more susceptible to complications such as placental abruption and increased perinatal mortality, necessitating vigilant monitoring and tailored management.

Iron deficiency is the leading cause of anemia in pregnancy, exacerbated by inadequate dietary intake, poor absorption, and chronic health conditions. Vitamin B12 and folate deficiencies also significantly contribute. Recommended management strategies include routine screening, dietary modifications, and the use of iron and vitamin supplements tailored to specific age groups' needs.

Understanding and addressing the age-specific risks and causes of anemia in pregnancy are crucial for improving maternal and fetal health outcomes. This paper underscores the importance of individualized care and the role of healthcare systems in providing comprehensive support to pregnant women across all age groups.