Dairy Farming and Women's Empowerment: Examining Socio-Economic Status and Barriers before Marginalized Women in Haryana

Abstract

Dairy farming has emerged as a significant livelihood activity contributing to the socio-economic empowerment of rural women, particularly those belonging to marginalized sections in Haryana. The present study examines the socio-economic status of women engaged in dairy farming and explores the barriers affecting their entrepreneurial participation and empowerment. The study is based on a descriptive-cum-diagnostic research design, using primary data collected from 320 women dairy farmers selected through cluster sampling from rural areas of Haryana. The data were analyzed to understand demographic characteristics, livelihood patterns, income structure and constraints faced in dairy-based entrepreneurship. The findings reveal that dairy farming is predominantly undertaken by middle-aged and married women, with most respondents belonging to nuclear families and having education up to matriculation level. Dairy farming is largely practiced as a supplementary source of income, though for a smaller proportion it serves as the main livelihood. The income distribution indicates that most households fall within lower and middle-income categories, highlighting limited economic stability. Regardless of their active involvement, women face multiple structural and operational challenges that restrict the full realization of their entrepreneurial potential. Major barriers identified include lack of technical knowledge, high investment costs, limited access to credit due to absence of collateral, inadequate veterinary services and exploitation by middlemen. Additional constraints such as restricted market access, poor transportation facilities, lack of cold storage infrastructure and gender-based mobility restrictions further hinder productivity and profitability. Social norms and patriarchal structures also limit women’s decision-making power and ownership of dairy enterprises. It is suggested by the researcher that strengthening institutional credit support, improving training facilities, enhancing market linkages and promoting women-led cooperatives are essential for sustainable empowerment. The study further advocates the need for integrated policy interventions to enhance gender equity and rural development through dairy entrepreneurship. It is concluded that while dairy farming plays a crucial role in improving household income and providing livelihood security, its contribution to women’s empowerment remains constrained by systemic inequalities.