Growth and Neurodevelopmental Outcome at 1-2 Years of Age in Sga Babies in Comparison with Aga Babies

Abstract

In SGA infants, intrauterine growth restriction, and associated perinatal complications, are associated with increased risk of impaired physical growth and neurodevelopment. It is vital that these gaps are identified early, so interventions can be put in place as soon as possible, to help improve health outcomes for the long term. The study was a comparative cross-sectional study conducted in the Paediatric Outpatient Department (POD) of Shri Sathya Sai Medical College and Research Institute, TamilNadu on 132 children of the age 12-24 months. The number of participants in the SGA group was equal to the number of those in the AGA group (n = 66 in both groups). Anthropometric measures were taken using standard protocol from WHO and Neurodevelopmental screening was done using the Trivandrum Developmental Screening Chart (TDSC). Descriptive statistical methods, Chi-square test, independent t-test, and multi-variable logistic regression were used to analyse the data. At the same time, the weight, height and head circumference of SGA children were significantly less than AGA children (p < 0.001). SGA children were significantly more likely to be underweight, stunted, wasted, and to have developmental delays. The rate of overall developmental delay (ODD) was higher among children with SGA than among children with AGA (45.5% v. 15.2%, p < 0.001). SGA status, underweight, and NICU admission were independent risk factors for developmental delay on logistic regression while exclusive breastfeeding was protective. SGA babies are still at a significantly increased risk of continuing to fail to grow properly and have some type of brain and nervous system problem in early childhood. To have good long term developmental outcomes, regular growth monitoring, developmental screening, nutrition and early intervention are key.